PMC

Schematic of the coal sample gas adsorption–desorption with water injection. 1—Manual hydraulic pump, 2—water injection pump, 3—adsorption tank, 4,5,6,7—precise pressure gauge, 8—Gas inflating tank, 9—high-purity methane cylinder, 10—desorption apparatus, 11—vacuum gauge, 12—Vacuum pump, 13—vacuum silicone tube, 14—constant temperature water bath, A–E—high-pressure valve, and H—glass three-way valve.

Tracer test observations in convergent configuration for (a, b) November 2018, (c–f) April 2019, and (g and h) August 2019. Results for November are shown for an injection in well CH03 of hot water (50 °C) (a) and cold water (10 °C) (b) complemented by a salt injection performed within a 10‐s interval at the beginning. Figures (c, e, and g) show the observed drawdown in the pumping well CH12 and figures (d, f, and h) show a zoom of the temperature evolution as a function of time (BTC: breakthrough curve) measured in the pumping well CH12 for a (c, d) hot water injection in April 2019 (50 °C), (e,f) cold water injection (10 °C) in April 2019, and (g, h) cold water injection in August 2019. (Note that no information about the flow rate (Q‐t‐s‐diagram) is given, because the flow rate was measured manually, and no pumping test analysis was performed. The drawdown values for November are not mentioned as the pump stopped accidentally several times). Stationary drawdowns of 1.45 m, 1.55 m, and 0.35 m were measured for the hot water injection in April, the cold water injection in April, and the cold water injection in August, respectively. The corresponding maximum temperature differences were +2 °C and −1 °C for the hot water injection in April, and the cold water injection in August.

Equipment for jet injection of dyed saline. Water pump connected to a flask with solution to inject into the submucosa (Voluven® and indigo carmine).

Schematic diagram and images of CO₂ deterrent deployed at the Royal Botanical Gardens fishway, Ontario, Canada. A submersible pump (A) moved wetland water through polyethylene pipe into an injection manifold (B). CO₂ gas was pumped from a liquid CO₂ dewar (C) into the injection manifold (B) where it mixed with ambient wetland water. CO₂ and water mixed throughout the manifold and hose delivery system, producing a stream of carbonated water. The mixing of CO₂ and water was assisted with two static mixers (D). The carbonated water was introduced to a fishway trap at four locations (E) spanning the full depth of the trap opening.